ATPL Theory
The Airline Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL) theory examinations are governed by ICAO Annex 1 standards but implemented differently by each regulatory authority. This guide covers the core ICAO competency framework, the typical 14-subject EASA syllabus, FAA ATP knowledge requirements, and strategies for preparing across jurisdictions. Whether you are studying for EASA ATPL theory, FAA ATP written, or any ICAO-compliant authority, these foundational standards apply.
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Who Needs This
EASA States
14 subjects, 700+ questions total, administered at approved test centers. Computer-based testing (CBT).
FAA (United States)
Single ATP Knowledge Test (90 questions). ATP CTP course required for unrestricted ATP.
DGAC (Mexico/LATAM)
Based on ICAO framework; some countries accept EASA or FAA equivalents.
CAAC (China)
ATPL exams based on ICAO with Chinese-specific regulations added.
CASA (Australia)
7 ATPL theory exams covering ICAO subjects. Computer-based at designated centers.
Transport Canada
ATPL written exam (SARON/SAMRA) plus separate instrument rating exam.
What's Covered
Core ATPL Subjects (ICAO Framework)
EASA ATPL Exam Structure (14 Subjects)
FAA ATP Knowledge Test
Standards & Requirements
- ICAO Annex 1 §2.6 — Knowledge requirements for Airline Transport Pilot Licence
- Minimum 1,500 hours total flight time for ATPL (ICAO standard)
- Theory exams typically must be completed within 18 months (EASA) or no expiry (FAA)
- 75% pass mark for EASA; 70% for FAA
- EASA: 6 sitting attempts, all 14 exams passed within 18-month window
- Must hold or be pursuing CPL and instrument rating as prerequisite
Key ICAO Standards & Documents
- ICAO Annex 1 — Personnel Licensing, Chapter 2 (Aeroplane Licences)
- ICAO Doc 9868 — Procedures for Air Navigation Services — Training (PANS-TRG)
- EASA Part-FCL (Regulation EU 1178/2011) — Subpart F, ATPL
- 14 CFR Part 61, Subpart G — Airline Transport Pilots
How to Prepare
Enroll in an approved ATPL theory course (classroom or distance learning) — required for EASA
Create a structured study plan covering all 14 subjects over 12-18 months
Use EASA-compliant question banks (Bristol Ground School, ATPL Online, Aviationexam)
For FAA: Complete ATP CTP course, then study using ASA or Sheppard Air
Focus on meteorology and navigation first — they are the highest-weight subjects
Practice with timed mock exams to build endurance and time management
Join online study groups or forums (PPRuNe, ATPL forum) for peer support
Review your weak areas after each practice test and create targeted revision notes
Key Differences by Region
Single 90-question knowledge test. Requires ATP CTP course. No subject-by-subject breakdown. 70% pass mark.
14 separate exams, 700+ total questions. 75% pass mark per exam. 18-month completion window. 6 sitting attempts.
7 ATPL exams. Based on ICAO competencies. Pass mark is 70%.
Written exam SARON (70%). Plus separate INRAT for instrument rating. Published study references available.
Multi-subject exams based on ICAO plus Chinese aviation regulations. Computer-based testing at CAAC-approved centers.
Frequently Asked Questions
How many ATPL theory exams are there?
It depends on the authority. EASA has 14 exams covering about 700+ questions total. FAA has a single 90-question ATP Knowledge Test. CASA Australia has 7 exams.
Can I convert EASA ATPL to FAA or vice versa?
Direct conversions are not available. You typically need to pass the local authority's knowledge tests and meet their flight experience requirements. Bilateral agreements (like US-EU) may simplify some requirements.
What is the EASA ATPL pass mark?
75% per subject. You have 6 sittings to pass all 14 subjects within an 18-month window from your first attempt.
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