Instrumentation

难度: High考试权重: Medium

概述

Instrumentation covers all aircraft instruments and electronic systems. This includes pitot-static instruments (airspeed, altimeter, VSI), gyroscopic instruments (attitude, heading, turn coordinator), magnetic compasses, electronic flight displays (EFIS, glass cockpits), engine instruments, and warning/recording systems.

关键主题

Pitot-static system and instruments
Altimeter errors and settings (QNH, QFE, QNE)
Airspeed indicator markings and limitations
Gyroscopic instruments and precession
Magnetic compass errors (ANDS/UNOS)
Electronic Flight Instrument Systems (EFIS)
Flight Management Systems (FMS)
Engine monitoring instruments
Warning and alerting systems (GPWS, TCAS)
Flight Data Recorder and CVR requirements

学习建议

Learn the physics behind each instrument — understanding why it works reveals why it fails

Master compass errors (variation, deviation, dip, acceleration, turning errors)

Practice altimetry calculations with different QNH/QFE/QNE settings

Understand the difference between indicated, calibrated, equivalent, and true airspeed

Study gyroscopic precession to understand attitude indicator and DG errors

示例问题

1. When flying from a high-pressure area to a low-pressure area without adjusting the altimeter, the altimeter will:

A. Over-read (show higher than actual altitude)✓ 正确

B. Under-read (show lower than actual altitude)

C. Read correctly

D. Oscillate between readings

2. What causes a compass to show turning errors?

A. Magnetic variation

B. The vertical component of the Earth's magnetic field (dip)✓ 正确

C. Electrical interference

D. Centrifugal force on the compass card

3. TCAS II provides:

A. Traffic advisories only

B. Traffic advisories and resolution advisories✓ 正确

C. Weather information

D. Terrain warnings

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